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Why are reading and writing in English so difficult for foreign language learners? The English language originates from dozens of languages such as Latin, French, German, and Greek. The diversity of English words and variations of nuances and sentence structure is nearly infinite. Here are some simple tips to help you begin improving your reading comprehension and writing.為什么對于其他國家的語言學(xué)習(xí)者來說英語閱讀和寫作這么難？英語這門語言源自多門語言，比如拉丁語，法語，德語和希臘語。英語詞匯的多樣，細(xì)微差距變化，以及句法結(jié)構(gòu)無窮無盡。這里有一些小貼士來幫你提高你的閱讀理解與寫作能力。
Choosing a Reading Passage選擇一篇精讀
Choose an article or story that interests you. It's best to read about something related to your work or college major. Be sure you have a general understanding about the topic before you begin reading.選擇一篇吸引你的文章或者故事。最好讀一些與你工作或大學(xué)專業(yè)相關(guān)的文章。確保你在讀之前對文章主題有一個(gè)大概的了解。
Skim the passage for unfamiliar vocabulary. You want to be sure there are some new words to learn, but that you are also capable of understanding the majority of the passage. Try to choose a passage of moderate length with an informative, logical structure.略讀文章，找出不熟悉的詞匯。你要確保有一些新的詞匯來學(xué)習(xí)，與此同時(shí)也能夠理解文章大意。選擇中等長度，有信息有條理的文章
Reading Comprehension閱讀理解
Paragraphs段落
Read the entire passage for a general understanding. What is the article discussing? Is the author's tone of voice informative, excited, angry…? You may then go back and focus on understanding one paragraph at a time.讀整段來理解大意。這篇文章在討論什么？作者的語氣是客觀提供信息式的，興奮的，生氣的等等？你可以再回頭重讀，并每次著重理解一段
Sentences句子
Go back and break apart a paragraph into individual sentences. Can you understand the main meaning of the sentence? If so, then you will be able to understand what the new vocabulary word(s) are referring to based upon context.回頭把段落分為各個(gè)句子。你能理解句子的主要含義嗎？如果能，你就能基于上下文理解新詞匯。
Vocabulary Words詞匯
Unfamiliar words may seem intimidating, but actually you are very capable of figuring out the meaning of the words all by yourself. Once you believe you know what the word means, you can then try to find the same vocabulary word used in the same way in another sentence. Does it seem to refer to the same concept? Check your answer by asking an English tutor or looking up the definition in a dictionary.不熟悉的詞匯可能會顯得令人生畏，但其實(shí)你自己完全有能力想出詞匯的意思。一旦你確信你知道的詞匯的意思，你可以嘗試尋找在其他句子里以統(tǒng)一用法出現(xiàn)的同一詞匯。它是否指的是同一概念？在問你英文教師或查詞典之前對一下答案。
Note: Avoid reading articles pertaining to abstract topics until you feel comfortable reading daily news articles. Also, articles that use too many idioms may become very frustrating for a foreign reader to understand.注意：避免在你有信心讀日常新聞文章前讀有關(guān)抽象主題的文章。并且，使用過多習(xí)語的文章可能會讓外國閱讀者很難理解。
Writing an Entry寫讀后感
Being able to express your thoughts and ideas in English are just as important a skill as understanding what you are reading. Students often feel writing to be an impossible task because the English language has too many grammatical rules and ways of expression; however, writing is a skill that can definitely be achieved over time.能夠用英語表達(dá)你的想法這個(gè)能力和能理解你讀的文章的能力一樣重要。學(xué)生經(jīng)常感覺寫作是一個(gè)無法完成的任務(wù)因?yàn)橛⒄Z有太多語法規(guī)則和特定表達(dá)；然而，寫作絕對是一個(gè)能通過時(shí)間提高的能力。
Organization組織
Have a plan before beginning your essay. Write down ideas you have about a particular topic. Is your essay an argument or opinion?在寫文章前計(jì)劃一下。寫下你對某一話題的想法。你的文章是一個(gè)論證還是觀點(diǎn)？
1.The first paragraph of an article is an introduction about the topic you plan to discuss.文章第一段是一個(gè)關(guān)于你要討論話題的介紹。
2.All following paragraphs are the body of your essay. These paragraphs will relate to the main idea of your article. Only begin a new paragraph when you wish to begin the next idea..所有接下來的段落是你文章的主題。這些段落將和你文章的中心思想有關(guān)。只有當(dāng)你想開始寫下一個(gè)想法時(shí)再新起一段。
3. The closing paragraph is usually the solution or conclusion to your discussion. 結(jié)尾段通常是所你討論問題的解決方案或結(jié)論。
Write a topic sentence for each of your paragraphs so the reader knows what the main idea of each paragraph is. The body sentences will pertain to your topic sentence. The last sentence of the paragraph should conclude what you just wrote about while leading into the next topic. Transition sentences are quite tricky to master; this is why you should have a plan as to what order you will discuss your ideas.對每一個(gè)段落寫一個(gè)中心句，以便讀者了解這個(gè)段落的中心思想。段內(nèi)的句子所講內(nèi)容要與你的中心句有關(guān)聯(lián)。段落最后一句應(yīng)該總結(jié)你所寫的，并引入下一個(gè)話題。過渡句很難掌握，因此你最好有一個(gè)大綱，關(guān)于你講以何種順序討論你的想法。
Conjunctions連詞
It is common for foreigners to write many sentences, but sometimes they are just too short. Combine these sentences by adding a conjunction such as “but, and, or, because, etc.”對于外國人來說，寫很多句子很平常的事情，但是有時(shí)它們都太短了。通過加一個(gè)連詞比如“但是，和，或者，因?yàn)榈鹊取睂⒖梢灾v這些句子結(jié)合起來。
Be Concise要簡潔
Your boss or college professor would much rather you write quality instead of quantity. Although it is good to combine short sentences to make them longer, don't ramble. In other words, don't just write a bunch of extra words to meet the required word count. Instead, write a detailed response with better word choice.你的老板或者教授希望你寫質(zhì)量好而不是字?jǐn)?shù)多的文章。雖然把短句結(jié)合成長句很好，但注意別啰嗦。也就是說，不要寫一堆額外的詞來湊字?jǐn)?shù)。相反，用精簡的措詞寫一個(gè)詳細(xì)的回答。
Redundancy贅言
Because it is difficult for foreigners to express their ideas, they often write the same idea repeatedly in multiple ways. Avoid writing the same ideas over and over, because it becomes boring for the reader.由于對于外國人來說，用外語表達(dá)他們的想法很難，所以他們經(jīng)常用不同的方式重復(fù)地表達(dá)同一意思。要注意避免重復(fù)寫同一想法，因?yàn)檫@讓讀者覺得很枯燥。
Punctuation標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號
Capitalization, spacing, and commas are commonly misused.大寫，間距，逗號經(jīng)常被誤用。
Capitalize the first letter of every sentence and when using proper nouns.每一句的第一個(gè)字母要大寫，使用特定名詞要大寫。
Incorrect: while she was in chicago, she went to lincoln park to walk her dog named rocky.不正確：當(dāng)她在chicago時(shí)，她去lincoln公園去遛叫rocky的狗。
Correct: While she was in Chicago, she went to Lincoln park to walk her dog named Rocky.正確：當(dāng)她在Chicago時(shí)，她去Lincoln公園去遛叫Rocky的狗。
Spacing is often wrong when I am reading italki users’ notebook entries. Be sure to leave a space between each word, after a comma, and after the period at the end of a sentence.當(dāng)我讀italki用戶寫的小作文時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，間距經(jīng)常被用錯。確保詞與詞之間，逗號后，句尾句號后有空格
Incorrect: He went shopping for bread,milk,and eggs.He really needed breakfast food.不正確：他去買面包，牛奶，和雞蛋。他真的需要早餐。
Correct: He went shopping for bread, milk, and eggs. He really need breakfast food.正確：他去買面包， 牛奶， 和雞蛋。 他真的需要早餐。
Use commas when separating items in a list.列舉時(shí)用逗號把不同項(xiàng)隔離。
Incorrect: My classmates Sarah John and Mary came over to my house after school.不正確：我同學(xué)Sarah John 和Mary放學(xué)后來我家。
Correct: My classmates Sarah, John, and Mary came over to my house after school.正確：我同學(xué)Sarah， John，和Mary放學(xué)后來我家。
It looks like Sarah's last name is John if a comma is NOT added.
你如果沒有加逗號的話，會誤以為Sarah的姓是John.
Don't forget to check for misspelled words and correct use of periods, quotes, parentheses, and exclamation marks. Please see other italki teacher articles for grammar tips.別忘了檢查有沒有拼寫錯誤，有沒有正確使用句號，引用號，括號，和感嘆號。請參看其他italki老師寫的關(guān)于語法小貼士的文章。
Note: Watch out for verb tenses when writing your articles!注意：寫文章時(shí)注意動詞時(shí)態(tài)。
Conclusion結(jié)論
Although reading and writing in English are very challenging tasks, each and every one of you is capable of learning these skills. When reading, keep your eyes moving ahead on the page to grasp the main idea of the article. Do not become fixated on one word or phrase, otherwise it will cause your reading fluency to lag. Break down the passage into parts when you are confused.盡管閱讀和寫作在英語中是非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)，但你們每個(gè)人都能學(xué)會這些技能。當(dāng)閱讀時(shí)，仔細(xì)閱讀掌握文章中心思想。不要一個(gè)詞或短語糾結(jié)過久，否則它將導(dǎo)致你閱讀的流暢性滯后。當(dāng)你不明白時(shí)，把文章分解成不同部分。
No matter what topic you are writing about, organize your thoughts and ideas before beginning. Once you finish, go back through the essay and read it aloud to see if it sounds fluent. You want your writing to flow from one idea to another. Double-check your spelling and punctuation. If you keep working to improve your reading and writing skills, you will soon look back and see the substantial progress you have made!不管你寫什么主題，寫之前組織好你的想法。一旦結(jié)束，檢查你的文章并大聲讀出來，來看它是否流暢。你希望你的寫作內(nèi)容是流暢地從一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)過度到另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。仔細(xì)檢查拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)。如果你一直努力提高你的閱讀和寫作能力，不久當(dāng)你回頭看時(shí)，你將會看到你所獲得的實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步！
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