從句到段：段落的展開
基本句法掌握之后，接下來就要訓練段落寫作，這是因為段落是文章的基本組成部分，要寫出好文章，必須在段落寫作上多下功夫。
段的基本組成是句子，好的段落應該是該段中所有的句子都圍繞著一個主題展開，且句與句之間應該是緊密相連，形成統一的整體即unified1 and coherent。那么怎樣將一個段落展開呢？下面介紹英語中幾種常用的方法。
(1)時間順序 按時間順序寫作就是按照事物發展在時間上的正常順序或先后順序展開段落。在講述故事或回憶事件時，先發生的先寫，后發生的后寫。請看下面的例子：
My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination-Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas2, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune3 of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more the thirty hours and spent an sleepless4 night, I didn't feel tired at all, and I believed my days in this glorious city would be as sunny as the skies.
(2)空間順序 按空間順序組織材料通常用于描述一個地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章內容應按照由近及遠、由遠及近、自下而上、自上而下、按順時針方向或逆時針方向排列，例如：
In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees(), all in full bloom. A little girl was hoping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals5. Under one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the snow white blossoms with great interest and admiration6. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, were posing for a picture. At the end of the courtyard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff7 at a half-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.
(3)列舉法 通過列舉一系列的論據 對主題句中的論點進行廣泛、全面的陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可按照所列各點的內容的相對重要性、時間、空間來排列，例如：
The Other Side of City Life
In the eyes of many people, city life is attractive with all its advantages and convenience, yet they don't see the other side of the picture. First, with the expansion of the city, housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then, there is the problem of pollution: harmful gases from vehicles and poisonous water from factories pollute our surroundings; noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad. Thirdly, modern city life puts a high pressure upon people; you have to hurry to and from work; you have to dodge8 in so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people, bicycles, cars, buses…; all day long you are under great stress. Fourthly, big cities also cause some social problems. Of which high crime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably9 in fear of becoming victims of burglary, robbery, murder and other crimes at any time. They should find some ways to cope with all these problems.
(4)舉例法 在主題句中簡要、概括地說明一個段落的主題思想之后，可以用具體的、生動的事例來支撐論證主題，向目標讀者展示并使他們具體感受主題句中尚未展開的內容和細節，例如：
This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.
(5)比較和對比 比較(comparison)主要是指出兩個或兩個以上不同種類的事物的共同點或相似之處，如人物、地點、事物、思想、觀點等。對照(contrast)主要是指出它們的不同點。相同的或類似的特征可以組成比較，不同的特征則可以組成對照。不僅如此，比較和對比常常同時使用，這是因為比較中往往隱含著對比。
比較和對比常有兩種形式，即整體比較和對比(block comparison and contrast)與逐項比較(alternating comparison)，例如：
Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries10 during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, has a great deal in common. Grant descended11 from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenant12 from West Point and served in the Spanish-American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy13. Lee also descended from a family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame as a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is not always pointed14 out by historians he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the civil War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty.(整體比較)
The same qualities that make people good houseguests make them good hospital patients. Good houseguests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. Hose guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.(逐項比較)
(6)原因和結果 因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的邏輯性因果關系必須表達清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牽強附會和循環論證。一個原因可能造成一個或多個結果，也可能在一大段文章中涉及到一連串因果關系。一個結果也可能由多種原因所引起，通常先寫結果，后寫多種原因；但也可先寫原因后寫結果。另外，如果喲啊強調原因或結果，可用倒裝或強調句型加以突出。例如：
The surge of demand for oil will soon begin to send shock waves through the American economy and transportation system. The impact of these tremors15 can already be anticipated: to the consumer they signal the end of a long love affair with the car, and to Detroit they offer an early warning that its 1985 growth aims are dangerously unrealistic. Unless we exercise foresight16 and devise growth-limits policies for the auto17 industry, events will thrust us into a crisis that will lead to a substantial erosion of domestic oil supply as well as the independence it provides us with, and a level of petroleum18 imports that could cost as much as $20 to $30 billion per year. Moreover, we would still be depleting19 our remaining oil reserves at an unacceptable rate, and scrambling20 for petroleum substitutes, with enormous potential damage to the environment.
(7)定義法 有時候為了避免混淆或誤解，我們必須對一個詞、一條術語或諺語、一個概念通過下定義加以說明、解釋。通常有三種方法下定定義：給出同義詞、用一個帶有定語從句的復合句或用一整段文章，而以第三種方法最為常用。1997年1月份四級考試的作文Practice Makes Perfect就是一篇極為典型的定義型文章。再看下面的例子：
A "liberated21 woman" is simply a woman who controls her own life, rather than allowing it to be controlled by other people, traditions, or expectations. A "liberated woman" can be found pursuing any line of work, including housework, or no work at all. She may or may not be married; she may or may not have born children. She may belong to any race; she may have attained22 any age. She need have only one trait in common with her "liberated sisters": she makes her own choices, whether they be the colors on her walls or the advanced degrees she seeks. She acts of her own volition23, responsible to herself, and not out of fear of what her mother, lover, or neighbor might say.
(8)分類法 所謂"分類"就是根據人物和事物的特征將他們/它們分別歸入各自不同的范疇。在寫這一類段落時，一定要抓住各個類別的典型特征，不要異類相串，混淆起來。例如：
According to Xiao Li, the fifteen students of his class fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them "good students". The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League branch, and the captain of the class volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time, so Li calls them "good organizers". Four other students are very kind to their classmates, always ready to lend them a helping24 hand. They help to clean the classroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are "good fellows". "What about yourself?" someone asks him. "I'm a group by myself-a good observer."
從段到篇：四種體裁
掌握了前面八種段落展開的"天龍八部"，在面對任何級別的英語考試的作文時，相信大家都可以從容落筆，應付如裕。
不過，大家仍然要謀篇布局，從篇章的角度對自己要寫的內容作宏觀的整體上的把握，這就要求大家區分各種體裁，以采用不同的方法去應對。英語文章的體裁可分為四類，即：
(1)記敘文(narration)
(2)描述文(description)
(3)說明文(exposition)
(4)議論文(argumentation)
和中文無異。限于篇幅，在此就不一一舉例詳細論述，只說一下寫作要領。
先說記敘文。所謂narration就是敘述一件事或一連串事件，像四級曾經考過的A Morning Walk(晨間漫步)即是一例。在寫這類作文時，要注意以下幾點：首先，在一開始就要設定時間、地點、人物，一定要交代清楚；其次，在講述發生的事件本身時，要選取一些關鍵的細節，不要漫無邊際或不著邊際，而組織那些素材一般采用"時間順序"亦即先發生的先寫，后發生的后寫，或用倒敘法，先講結局，再從頭描述經過。另外，要注意人稱、時代的一致性。
再看描述型文章。所謂description就是用文字對一個人、一個地方、一件物體或一個場景進行描繪。在描述自己的印象時，一定要盡量選取那些有助于表現人物、場景的典型特征和突出特點，剔除那些枝蔓的零碎的細節。只有這樣，才能使所描述的內容呼之欲出、躍然紙上，具有極大的表現力。
再談談說明文。這是四級考試中出現最為頻繁的體裁，無論是A or B、A and B，還是Why to do、How to do, 或是圖表型作文，都可歸入此類。如果說描述文主要涉及外表和感受，記敘文主要涉及事件和經歷，那么說明文則主要是關于過程和關系。舉例來說吧，我們面前有一件物體，如果要對其外觀進行描寫，我們就要寫成描述型的作文，如果要解釋它是如何制作的，又是如何使用的，那就必須寫成說明文；我們可以講述一個歷史事件，到底發生了什么，何時何地發生，都有誰參與其中，那就是敘述，而要討論該事件的前因后果，它的本質又是什么，以及在歷史長河中的深遠意義，那就必須寫成說明文。前面所介紹的展開段落的方法，如分類法、定義法、比較和對比、舉例法等等，大多數都可用于說明文的寫作。
最后談談議論文。說明文是一種以闡釋和解說為表達方式，用簡潔、平實、通俗的語言，對事物的、事理的、人物的特性、情況、背景等所作的解釋和介紹的文體，而議論文則是以議論為主要表達方式，以邏輯思維為主要思維方式，對現實生活中的現象和原理說長道短、論是斥非、闡明自己的立場和觀點的一種文體，二者不可相混淆。說明是讓人明白，而議論則要令人信服。論點要旗幟鮮明，論據要充分有力，論證要符合邏輯。就四級考試而言，真正意義上的議論文并不多見，即便是已經考過的議論文，如幸運數字、英語口試的必要性等，也較易處理，因此不再贅述。
需要強調的是，在四級考試中，往往是在同一篇文章中幾種體裁兼而有之，大家不要拘泥于教條，如2003年6月的車禍見證書，記述、描寫、說明三種體裁都有所照顧，目的是要檢測同學們對于不同類型寫作的把握，全面地考察寫作教學的水平。
1 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c
(unify 的過去式和過去分詞)； 統一的； 統一標準的； 一元化的
參考例句：
The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老師核對了學生的答案。
The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年統一中國。
2 atlas vOCy5
n.地圖冊，圖表集
參考例句：
He reached down the atlas from the top shelf.他從書架頂層取下地圖集。
The atlas contains forty maps,including three of Great Britain.這本地圖集有40幅地圖，其中包括3幅英國地圖。
3 tune NmnwW
n.調子；和諧，協調；v.調音，調節，調整
參考例句：
He'd written a tune,and played it to us on the piano.他寫了一段曲子，并在鋼琴上彈給我們聽。
The boy beat out a tune on a tin can.那男孩在易拉罐上敲出一首曲子。
4 sleepless oiBzGN
adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的
參考例句：
The situation gave her many sleepless nights.這種情況害她一連好多天睡不好覺。
One evening I heard a tale that rendered me sleepless for nights.一天晚上，我聽說了一個傳聞，把我搞得一連幾夜都不能入睡。
5 petals f346ae24f5b5778ae3e2317a33cd8d9b
n.花瓣( petal的名詞復數 )
參考例句：
white petals tinged with blue 略帶藍色的白花瓣
The petals of many flowers expand in the sunshine. 許多花瓣在陽光下開放。 來自《現代英漢綜合大詞典》
6 admiration afpyA
n.欽佩，贊美，羨慕
參考例句：
He was lost in admiration of the beauty of the scene.他對風景之美贊不絕口。
We have a great admiration for the gold medalists.我們對金牌獲得者極為敬佩。
7 sniff PF7zs
vi.嗅…味道；抽鼻涕；對嗤之以鼻，蔑視
參考例句：
The police used dogs to sniff out the criminals in their hiding - place.警察使用警犬查出了罪犯的藏身地點。
When Munchie meets a dog on the beach, they sniff each other for a while.當麥奇在海灘上碰到另一條狗的時候，他們會彼此嗅一會兒。
8 dodge q83yo
v.閃開，躲開，避開；n.妙計，詭計
參考例句：
A dodge behind a tree kept her from being run over.她向樹后一閃，才沒被車從身上輾過。
The dodge was coopered by the police.詭計被警察粉碎了。
9 justifiably ap9zrc
adv.無可非議地
參考例句：
There General Walters would come aboard to greet me, justifiably beaming with pride at his arrangement. 在那兒沃爾特斯將軍會登上飛機來接我，理所當然為他們的安排感到洋洋得意。 來自辭典例句
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中國人似乎為他們的經濟成就感到自豪，這是無可非議的。 來自互聯網
10 adversaries 5e3df56a80cf841a3387bd9fd1360a22
n.對手，敵手( adversary的名詞復數 )
參考例句：
That would cause potential adversaries to recoil from a challenge. 這會迫使潛在的敵人在挑戰面前退縮。 來自辭典例句
Every adversaries are more comfortable with a predictable, coherent America. 就連敵人也會因有可以預料的，始終一致的美國而感到舒服得多。 來自辭典例句
11 descended guQzoy
a.為...后裔的，出身于...的
參考例句：
A mood of melancholy descended on us. 一種悲傷的情緒襲上我們的心頭。
The path descended the hill in a series of zigzags. 小路呈連續的之字形順著山坡蜿蜒而下。
12 lieutenant X3GyG
n.陸軍中尉，海軍上尉；代理官員，副職官員
參考例句：
He was promoted to be a lieutenant in the army.他被提升為陸軍中尉。
He prevailed on the lieutenant to send in a short note.他說動那個副官，遞上了一張簡短的便條進去。
13 bankruptcy fPoyJ
n.破產；無償付能力
參考例句：
You will have to pull in if you want to escape bankruptcy.如果你想避免破產，就必須節省開支。
His firm is just on thin ice of bankruptcy.他的商號正面臨破產的危險。
14 pointed Il8zB4
adj.尖的，直截了當的
參考例句：
He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他給我一支削得非常尖的鉛筆。
She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通過對達茨伍德夫人提出直截了當的邀請向她的哥哥表示出來。
15 tremors 266b933e7f9df8a51b0b0795733d1e93
震顫( tremor的名詞復數 )； 戰栗； 震顫聲； 大地的輕微震動
參考例句：
The story was so terrible that It'sent tremors down my spine. 這故事太可怕，它使我不寒而栗。
The story was so terrible that it sent tremors down my spine. 這故事太可怕，它使我不寒而栗。
16 foresight Wi3xm
n.先見之明，深謀遠慮
參考例句：
The failure is the result of our lack of foresight.這次失敗是由于我們缺乏遠慮而造成的。
It required a statesman's foresight and sagacity to make the decision.作出這個決定需要政治家的遠見卓識。
17 auto ZOnyW
n.(=automobile)(口語)汽車
參考例句：
Don't park your auto here.別把你的汽車停在這兒。
The auto industry has brought many people to Detroit.汽車工業把許多人吸引到了底特律。
18 petroleum WiUyi
n.原油，石油
參考例句：
The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油價格。
The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.煉油廠的主要工作是提煉原油。
19 depleting ae23633b1a5c6c21ae0d93b205d84331
使大大的減少，使空虛( deplete的現在分詞 )； 耗盡，使枯竭
參考例句：
Regulations are outlawing certain refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons, which contain ozone-depleting chemicals. 隨后出臺的政策禁用了部分制冷劑，如破壞臭氧層的氟氯碳化合物。
Aging, being a series of continual losses, can be keenly depleting. 老齡化，作為一個系列的連續虧損，可以清楚地消耗。
20 scrambling cfea7454c3a8813b07de2178a1025138
v.快速爬行( scramble的現在分詞 )；攀登；爭奪；（軍事飛機）緊急起飛
參考例句：
Scrambling up her hair, she darted out of the house. 她匆忙扎起頭發，沖出房去。 來自《現代英漢綜合大詞典》
She is scrambling eggs. 她正在炒蛋。 來自《簡明英漢詞典》
21 liberated YpRzMi
a.無拘束的，放縱的
參考例句：
The city was liberated by the advancing army. 軍隊向前挺進，解放了那座城市。
The heat brings about a chemical reaction, and oxygen is liberated. 熱量引起化學反應，釋放出氧氣。
22 attained 1f2c1bee274e81555decf78fe9b16b2f
（通常經過努力）實現( attain的過去式和過去分詞 )； 達到； 獲得； 達到（某年齡、水平、狀況）
參考例句：
She has attained the degree of Master of Arts. 她已獲得文學碩士學位。
Lu Hsun attained a high position in the republic of letters. 魯迅在文壇上獲得崇高的地位。
23 volition cLkzS
n.意志；決意
參考例句：
We like to think that everything we do and everything we think is a product of our volition.我們常常認為我們所做和所想的一切都出自自己的意愿。
Makin said Mr Coombes had gone to the police of his own volition.梅金說庫姆斯先生是主動去投案的。
24 helping 2rGzDc
n.食物的一份&adj.幫助人的，輔助的
參考例句：
The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可憐的孩子們總是要求我把我的漢堡包再給他們一份。
By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 這樣一來, 他在某些時候,有助于競爭的加強。
更多信息請查看英語寫作技巧
公眾號
事業單位
當前位置：
公考類
招聘類
各類考試
