一、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 前言
考試題型及考試重點(diǎn)：
考試題型：
有五種題型：1.閱讀理解；2.詞匯和語(yǔ)法；3.挑錯(cuò)；4.英譯漢；5.漢譯英
從英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一般規(guī)律來(lái)看，在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的初級(jí)階段，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，要把語(yǔ)法放在非常重要的地位。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法作為語(yǔ)言的規(guī)則，是構(gòu)成語(yǔ)言的框架，沒(méi)有規(guī)則不成方圓。
在三級(jí)考試中，語(yǔ)法和詞匯中的語(yǔ)法要占到15～20道題，在第三題的改錯(cuò)中全部考的是語(yǔ)法，語(yǔ)法的考察在30～35之間。因此，要求我們?cè)谧鋈?jí)試題的時(shí)候必須拿下28～30道題。
語(yǔ)法的考試點(diǎn)及考試規(guī)律：
1）三級(jí)考試所考察的語(yǔ)法只是一些語(yǔ)法的規(guī)則。
2）考試具有重復(fù)性。
3）語(yǔ)法考試的普遍性：在所有這些語(yǔ)法中，每年都會(huì)涉及到一些不是非常重要的語(yǔ)法。
要求大家必須做到的：
1）聽(tīng)懂課堂上所講的內(nèi)容
2）熟悉語(yǔ)法的規(guī)則
3）會(huì)做后面的練習(xí)。
（一）時(shí)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中一共有16種時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過(guò)去、一般將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。但從92年以來(lái)的考題統(tǒng)計(jì)來(lái)看，時(shí)態(tài)考題中，考查將來(lái)完成時(shí)最多，時(shí)態(tài)考查的次序依次為：將來(lái)完成時(shí)—— 過(guò)去完成時(shí) —— 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) —— 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
先看以下各題：
1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6）
A.had already started
B.will already have started
C.have already started
D.have already been started
2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6）
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6）
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6）
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6）
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6）
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.（1997.6）
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6）
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
9）When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she two days before.（2003.11）
A.has left
B.was leaving
C.would leave
D.had left
10）Since he left the university, he __________ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
「**」BCDBD CBDDA
「評(píng)析」
1.以上試題對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查可以分為兩部分內(nèi)容，一部分是與條件狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)有關(guān)，如2）和4）；另一部分是與完成時(shí)態(tài)有關(guān)，其余各題便是如此。
2.一般在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)完成，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)。如2）和4）。
2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6）
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
**：C
4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6）
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
**：B
再如：
If you happen to come across Jack, please tell him to come
A B C
and see me when he will be free.（2000.6 ）
D
**：D.will be 應(yīng)改為is.
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有兩種用法，一種表示過(guò)去發(fā)生，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和in the past years, this year, so far, up to now, yet等表示非確定性過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如3）。
3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6）
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
**：C
再如：
I have been to Beijing many times.
They have already published the results of the experiments.
同時(shí)，注意上句中副詞already的位置。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的另外一種用法是：表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，如6）：
6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6）
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
**：C
同時(shí)，還要注意這道試題反映出來(lái)的另外一個(gè)問(wèn)題：在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說(shuō)的：表示"過(guò)去的過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)"，如7）
7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.（1997.6）
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
**：B
5.將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如1）和5）。
1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6）
A.had already started
B.will already have started.
C.have already started
D.have already been started
**：B
5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6）
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
**：D
再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A.will have risen
B.has risen
C.will be rising
D.has been rising
**：A
6.與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不同，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進(jìn)行，如8）和10）。
8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6）
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
**：D
10）Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
**：A
再如：
We have been working on this project for over a month now.
「考試策略」
1）根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)選擇時(shí)態(tài)，特別是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語(yǔ)居多。如果句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是由by引出的短語(yǔ)或從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
2）如果沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，那就根據(jù)試題中出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序做出判斷。如：
He found the book that he had lost.
A B
3）注意特殊句型中的時(shí)態(tài)，如：
①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
我剛放下話筒，電話又響了。
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
他們一得到消息，他們就去酒吧喝酒了。
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