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第一單元 段落簡介

1．1段落

段落是構成文章的一組句子。段落必須表達完整的意思：或描寫事物（describe something），或爭論某事（argue about something），或對某事提出疑問（question something），或要求什么（demand something），或給事物下定義（define something），或駁斥某觀點（reject something）。

1．2典型段落的構成

一個典型的段落通常由三部分組成：（1）主題句（the topic sentence）；（2）說明或支持主題的推展句（ supporting sentences）；（3）結論句（the concluding sentence）（有些段落沒有該部分）。

示范段落1-1

We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems． Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs． In addition， it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases． It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society．

1．3示范段落分析

這是一個典型的段落，可概括提綱如下：

主題句： We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit，because it causes health problems．

推展句： 1． Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs．

2． It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases．

結論句： It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society．

從以上提綱可見，主題句提出了一個問題： What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause？隨后的兩個推展句回答了這個問題，結論句總結了推展句并再一次強調主題句。

Exercise 1-1

Directions： Read the following paragraphs and find out the topic sentence， the supporting details and the concluding sentence， if there is one．

（1）

The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before．About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction,，and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased． With mammals， for instance， the rate of extinction is now about one species every year； from A． D． 1 to 1800， the ratewas about one species every fifty years． Everywhere， men are trying o solve the problem of preserving wildlife while caring at the same time for the world’s growing population．

Topic Sentence：____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Details： 1．________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2．_______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Concluding Sentence：________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

（2）

The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs．For example， in both America and England， people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time． Also， most English men will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman， and so will most Americans． Promptness is important both in England and in America． That is， if a dinner invitation is for 7 o’clock， the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delay．

Topic Sentence：____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Details： 1．______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2．_______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3．________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Concluding Sentence：________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

（3）

Birds use many different materials to build nests．Some birds use bits of grass． The tailor-bird of Africa and India uses grass to sew leaves together． Other birds find twigs and pebbles useful．

Topic Sentence：_____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Details： 1．_____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2．______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3．______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Concluding Sentence：_______________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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