一．主語一致原則:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù).
1.帶有with,along with,together with,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,as well as,no less than,rather than(而不是),including,in addition to引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動詞的數(shù)與主語的數(shù)保持一致.
如:Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).
No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個仆人外,沒有一個人遲來用餐
2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:
The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)
3.不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),或從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:588.es
Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了.
4.并列主語被each,every或no修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席.
Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙.
5.若主語中有more than one或many a/an,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時,謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
More than one student was late.不只一個學(xué)生遲到
More persons than one come to help us.不止一個人來幫助我們.
6.名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主語時,謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如:
His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn)a pair of,謂語一般用單數(shù).如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡.
7.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如:physics,mathematics,economics;國名如:the United States;報紙名如:the New Times;書名如:Arabian Night<天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國>等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).
8.“a+名詞+and a half“,“one and a half+名詞”,“the number of+名詞”等作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù).如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
二．語法一致原則:
1.主語中有all,half,most,the rest等,以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車,今天出售.
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了.
Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的.
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了.
2.不定數(shù)量的詞組,如:part of,a lot of,lots of,one of,a number of,plenty of等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到.
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了.
3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如:
Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10.
4.表示時間,金錢,距離,度量等的名詞做主語時,盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們做為一個單一的概念時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:
Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x.
5.通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police,people,cattle等,這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
6.the+形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
三．就近原則
1.由here,there,where等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:
Here comes the bus公共汽車來了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這兒的時候,你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
2.用連詞or,either....or,neither….nor,not only….but also等連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.
He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆.
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