知識(shí)點(diǎn)：
在稱述句中直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換：
a)直接引語：說話人直接引用別人的原話。
b)間接引語：說話人用自己的話把別人的意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來。
c)直接引語一般前后要加引號(hào);間接引語不d)用引號(hào)。
e)規(guī)則：1)人稱變化：從句中的第一人稱多改為第三人稱;第二人稱根據(jù)情況改為第一或第三人稱;第三人稱不f)變。2)時(shí)態(tài)變化：如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，g)直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要做以下變化：
直接引語間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)(客觀真理除外)
一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)保持不變;直接引語如果是客觀真理變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。3)其他指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語，地點(diǎn)狀語和動(dòng)詞等的變化。直接引語中的一些指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語須作相應(yīng)的變化：
直接引語間接引語
指示代詞this這these這些that那those那些
時(shí)間狀語now現(xiàn)在then那時(shí)
today今天that day那天
tonight今晚that night那天晚上
this week這星期that week那個(gè)星期
yesterday昨天the day before前一天
last week上星期the week before前一個(gè)星期
ago以前before以前
tomorrow明天the next/following day第二天
next week下星期the next week第二個(gè)星期
地點(diǎn)狀語here這里there那里
動(dòng)詞come來go去
【注意】1)直接引語中的時(shí)間狀語根據(jù)實(shí)際情況轉(zhuǎn)述為間接引語時(shí)，有時(shí)不需要改變，如tomorrow。如果轉(zhuǎn)述的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在當(dāng)天，無需改變;如果轉(zhuǎn)述的動(dòng)作不在當(dāng)天，則需將tomorrow變?yōu)閠he next day.
2.habit,practice,custom:habit指“個(gè)人由于自然條件，社會(huì)環(huán)境，愛好或經(jīng)常接觸而導(dǎo)致可以為常的行為或特性”;practice語氣比habit弱，指“個(gè)人或大家都習(xí)慣了的做法或工作與生活的方式。”;custom指“經(jīng)過一段時(shí)期在某人，地區(qū)或社會(huì)中形成的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣或風(fēng)俗。”
3.bring,take,carry:bring指“從別處把東西或人帶來”“拿來”，表示將人或物帶到或拿到說話者所在的位置的這個(gè)動(dòng)作;take指“把東西帶走或拿走”，表示將人或物拿開或帶離說話者所在的位置的這個(gè)動(dòng)作;carry指“隨身攜帶(不說明方向)有時(shí)含有“負(fù)擔(dān)”的意思。
4.Surprise用法：1)surprise作名詞，表示“驚奇，詫異”;2)surprise作幾物動(dòng)詞(后接某人作賓語)表示“使…驚奇”;surprise的過去分詞作表語，表示“感到驚奇”;to one’s surprise表示“使…吃驚的是”;be surprised at sth/sb表示“對(duì)…感到驚奇”。
5.however與but:兩者均可作“但是，然而”，而且都引出并列分句。從語義上看，but所表示的是非常明顯的對(duì)比，轉(zhuǎn)折的意味較however要強(qiáng);從語法上看，but是并列連詞，而however卻是連接副詞;從語序上看，but總是位于所引出的分句前，而however卻可位于句首，句中和句末，但是譯成漢語時(shí)一定要把它放在分句之首;從標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)上看，but之后一般不使用逗號(hào)，而however則必須用逗號(hào)分開。However當(dāng)連詞用時(shí)，“無論以何種方式，不管怎樣”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
6.first,at first與first of all：1)first可以做副詞，意思是“首先，第一次，最初地”，指第一次做某事或首先做某事，first還可以用作形容詞，意思是“第一的，最初的，主要的，一流的”，first作名詞，意思是“首要，第一，最初”2)at first的意思是“起初，當(dāng)初”，指剛剛開始做某事的時(shí)候，暗示后來的情況有所改變3)first of all的意思是“第一，最初，首先”，同first的用法相同，但語氣上比first要強(qiáng)，常常用來加強(qiáng)語氣。
7.true,real:true意思為“真的”“真正的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)與實(shí)際相符，而不是杜撰的，它與real相對(duì)。與to連用，意思是“忠實(shí)的”，true用作名詞，與定冠詞the連用，表示“真實(shí)，真理”等;real無此意。Real是形容詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀存在的“真實(shí)”“實(shí)在”，不是想象的。
8.above,on,over:三者都有“在…上”之意。1)on表示兩者上下緊貼在一起2)over表示一種直接的垂直概念，但沒有上下緊貼的意思，反義詞為under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念，也無相互緊貼的意思，反義詞是below.
達(dá)標(biāo)訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.單詞拼寫
1.Have you ______(討論)the problem with anyone?
2.Have you ______(喂)the cat yet?
3.Take the ______(藥)three times a day.
4.I was _______(吃驚的)to hear that they would get married.
5.I’d like to know the r______ why you’re so late.
6.The news s_____my mother yesterday.
7.The little girl is so p_____ that almost everyone likes her.
8.Tables,chairs and beds are f_______.
9.The sun has much e_______.How to make full of it is very important.
10.A plant can use the energy in sunlight to make food for i_______.
11.You can’t ______(倒)the waste water into the river.
12.The boy was saved and now he is out of ________(危險(xiǎn)).
13.Japan is an _______(亞洲)country.
14.It’s our duty to _____(保護(hù))our environment.
15.The basket is e_______now,you can put some orangers in it.
16.The little girl lit a m_____.It shone brightly.
Ⅱ.翻譯句子
1.今天相當(dāng)冷,是嗎?___________________________________
2.我這害怕打雷.___________________________________
3.太陽將在15分鐘后落下去.___________________________
4.用土蓋上你的種子.___________________________
5.葉子是用來干什么的?___________________________
6.在樹叢中行走是令人愉快的事.___________________________
7.所有的植物都是從土壤中攝取能量然后把它做成食物.________________________
8.世界上一半的食物來自于三種植物.___________________________
9.植物對(duì)所有動(dòng)物來說很重要嗎?___________________________
10.他不敢和校長(zhǎng)講話.___________________________
11.我們需要帽子來遮擋陽光.___________________________
12.動(dòng)物園有助于人們防止動(dòng)物滅絕.___________________________
13.馬克吐溫喜歡跟別人開玩笑.Mark Twain liked to ____________________.
14.埃及以金字塔而聞名于世.___________________________
能力提高
A
Since 1946,one of the most important inventions had been the computer.It has been changing all our lives.
The first computer 1________(build)in 1946.it 2_______(be)as large as a room and very difficult and slow 3________(use).But since the invention of silicon“chip”,computers 4________(become)smaller,easier and faster to operate.Some computers 5_________(be)as small as TV sets.Some can even 6________(make)smaller than a book.And computers 7_______(get)smaller and smaller all the time.Who knows what the computers of tomorrow 8________(be)like?There 9________(be)several reasons why the computer is useful to us.First,a lot of information can 10 ________(put)into computers.Second,the computer 11________(work)very quickly-thousands of times faster than a man-and it will not be tired.Third,modern computers and planes.So today people can spend less time 12_______(do)more work with a computer.
B
My grandmother was an iron-willed woman.When I was five,she invited some friends to her apartment.Among the guests there 1________(be)a rich man and his daughter.Grandmother considered them the most important among the guests.
During the party,I went to the bathroom.I was still sitting down when the girl walked in,“You 2_______(stay)here too long!”
“It’s not your business.Don’t you know that little girls shouldn’t come into the bathroom when a little boy 3_________(use)it?”I said in anger.This 4_______(surprise)the little girl.Then she started to cry.Most guests had heard what I said and laughed.But not Grandmother.
She 5_______(wait)for me when I left the bathroom.Grandmother shouted that I was impolite and rude and ordered,“You 6_______(say)sorry to her,”All the guests watched in silence.
Twenty minutes later,grandmother walked by the bathroom and noticed a torrent of water 7_______(run)out from under the door.Everyone knew who did that.Grandmother was so angry that she tried 8_______(get)me anyway.It took several strong men finally to move her away and calm her down.
My grandmother took me by the hand and seated me on his lap.He looked at me,not at all angry or upset.“9________(tell)me,”he asked,“why did you do it?”
“Well,she shouted at me for nothing,”I said seriously.“Now she’s got something to be angry at.”
Grandmother didn’t speak right away.He just sat there,looking at me and smiling.I 10 ________ never ____(forget)his expressions for my whole life.
“Eric,”he said at last,“I think you did the right thing.”
蠟燭、蛋糕、祝福……一定讓你想起了那一個(gè)個(gè)難忘的生日。下一個(gè)生日你打算怎么過?請(qǐng)以My Dream Birthday”為題，發(fā)揮你的想象力，寫一篇短文。
要求：1.簡(jiǎn)要說明你在下一個(gè)生日中要做的具體事情。
2.語句通順，合乎邏輯。詞數(shù)60-80
3.文中請(qǐng)勿使用真實(shí)的姓名與學(xué)校名稱。
達(dá)標(biāo)訓(xùn)練-答案：
名詞：shower,take a shower;storm;fact;change;baseball;playground;plant;leaf,leaves;glass,a glass of…;reason;energy;heat;bamboo;corn;wheat;furniture;medicine;goose,geese;scince,scintific,scintist;camel;danger,dangerous;joke;Asian;experiment;method;liquid;solid;spoon;plate;match
動(dòng)詞:rise,rose,risen,go up,set;kich;hold,held,held;grow,grew,grown;lend,lent,lent,borrow;discuss,discussion;feed,fed,fed;dig,dug,dug;die,died,died,dying,death,dead;keep,kept,kept;protect,protect…from…;scare,scared;appear,disappear;fill,be filled with;examine,discover;explain,explanation;add;mix,mixture;pour,hide,hid,hiddn;burn,burnt/burned,burnt/burned
形容詞,副詞:pretty,everywhere;pleasant;lovely;somewhere;shy;mad;lazy;nearly;surprised
常用短語:look outside;2.be scared to do sth.3.in the warm sun 4.make a loud noise 5.Thanks for…/Thank you for…6.one by one 7.fall off 8.stop doing sth.9.wake up;wake sb.up 10.carry…away 11.grow into…12.make…into…13.put…outside/on/in 14.use…to do…15.forget to do sth.16.cover…with 17.half of…18.in different ways 19.play with…20.make friends with…21.take sb.to sp.22.slow down 23.protect…from…24.take one’s photo/picture;take the picture/photo of sb.25.play a joke on sb.26.be famouse/well-known for 27.go extinct 28.on/over radio 29.fill…with…30.do experiment 31.turn…over/turn…upside down 32.hunt for 33.not…until 34.billions of 35.No photos.
重點(diǎn)單詞講解:1.程度;rather,quite,very;quite,very,rather 2.What do you want to when you grow up?Followers grow into seeds.3.died,died;dead;death;dying;情感、凍、餓、疾病等內(nèi)部原因;事故、粗心、工作過量等外部原因而死4.lovely“可愛的，秀美動(dòng)人的”;lively“活潑的，生動(dòng)的，栩栩如生的”，可作表語、定語和賓補(bǔ)，既可指人，又可指物;live“活的，實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的”;alive“活著的，存在的”，可作表語或補(bǔ)語，作定語時(shí)常后置;living“活著的，有生命的”，常作前置定語。
5.(1)surprise sb.(2)to one’s surprise;in surprise,give sb.a surprise(3)surprise,surprised,be surprised at 1.am surprised at 2.To one’s surprise
6.(1)enough+名詞(2)adj+enough兩者可直接接動(dòng)詞不定式(1)D(2)so big that
重點(diǎn)短語
1.(1)be scared of sth.(2)be scared to do sth.be scared of
2.day by day,year by year,step by step
3.fall off,fall asleep,fall down,fall behind(1)falls asleep(2)A
4.(1)protect,from(2)keep/stop,from
5.No parking,No smoking,No fishing,No spitting
重點(diǎn)句型:
1.A
2.a quarter of…,forty percent of…,all of,some of,one of
3.have been in
達(dá)標(biāo)測(cè)試
Ⅰ.單詞拼寫
1.discussed 2.fed 3.medicine 4.surprised 5.reason 6.surprised 7.pleasant 8.furniture 9.energy 10.itself 11.pour 12.dangerous 13.Asian 14.protect 15.empty 16.match
Ⅱ.翻譯句子
1.It’s rather cold,isn’t it?2.I am scared of thunder.3.The sun will set in 15 minutes.4.Cover your seed with soil.5.What are leaves for?6.It’s pleasant to walk among the trees.7.All the plants take energy from soil and make it into food.8.Half of the world’s food comes from three plants.9.Are plants important to all animals?10.He is scared to talk to headmaster.11.We need hats to protect us from the sun.12.Zoos help people to stop animals from going extinct.13.Mark Twain liked to play joke on someone.14.Egypt is famous for pyramids.
能力提高
A 1.was built 2.was 3.to use 4.have become 5.are 6.be made 7.are getting 8.will be 9.are 10.be put 11.works 12.doing
B 1.was 2.have stayed 3.is using 4.surprised 5.was doing 6.must say 7.running 8.to get 9.Tell 10.will forget
My dream birthday
I dream of a wonderful birthday party.First,I’ll invite all of my good friends to the party.I think mom will buy me a big birthday cake.I like the one with lots of strawberry hat.That will be fantastic.
Then we’ll put colorful candles on the cake and take photos together.After that,we’ll have a big dinner happily.At last,we’ll play games together.We’ll sing and dance for the whole night.How happy I will be!
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